Orca: FSS-based Secure Training with GPUs

Secure Two-party Computation (2PC) allows two parties to compute any function on their private inputs without revealing their inputs in the clear to each other. Since 2PC is known to have notoriously high overheads, one of the most popular computation models is that of 2PC with a trusted dealer, where a trusted dealer provides correlated randomness (independent of any input) to both parties during a preprocessing phase. Recent works construct efficient 2PC protocols in this model based on the cryptographic technique of function secret sharing (FSS). We build an end-to-end system Orca to accelerate the computation of FSS-based 2PC protocols with GPUs. Next, we observe that the main performance bottleneck in such accelerated protocols is in storage (due to the large amount of correlated randomness), and we design new FSS-based 2PC cryptographic protocols for several key functionalities in ML which reduce storage by up to $5\times$. Compared to prior state-of-the-art on secure training accelerated with GPUs in the same computation model (Piranha, Usenix Security 2022), we show that Orca has $4\%$ higher accuracy, $123\times$ lesser communication, and is $19\times$ faster on CIFAR-10

SIGMA: Secure GPT Inference with Function Secret Sharing

Secure 2-party computation (2PC) enables secure inference that offers protection for both proprietary machine learning (ML) models and sensitive inputs to them. However, the existing secure inference solutions suffer from high latency and communication overheads, particularly for transformers. Function secret sharing (FSS) is a recent paradigm for obtaining efficient 2PC protocols with a preprocessing phase. We provide SIGMA, the first end-to-end system for secure transformer inference based on FSS. By constructing new FSS-based protocols for complex machine learning functionalities, such as Softmax and GeLU, and also accelerating their computation on GPUs, SIGMA improves the latency of secure inference of transformers by $11-19\times$ over the state-of-the-art that uses preprocessing and GPUs. We present the first secure inference of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) models. In particular, SIGMA executes GPT-Neo with 1.3 billion parameters in 7.4s and HuggingFace\u27s GPT2 in 1.6s

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF VALPROATE VERSUS LEVETIRACETAM IN EPILEPTIC PATIENTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH METHYLENE TETRA-HYDRO FOLATE REDUCTASE GENOTYPES

Objective: The study objects at assessing and comparing the intensity of the effect of valproate (VPA) and levetiracetam (LV) on the bone mass in young adult epileptic patients while distinguishing their methylene tetra-hydro folate reductase (MTHFR) genotypes and correlating MTHFR polymorphism and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) usage with the risk of development of osteoporosis. Methods: The study design was a comparative, prospective, and observational study. It was conducted at Princess Esra Hospital (PEH), Hyderabad and genotype testing was carried out at Salar-e-Millat Research lab (PEH). The consent was obtained from total 70 subjects, divided into three groups: Group 1: 18 patients receiving sodium VPA monotherapy Group 2: 17 patients receiving LV monotherapy Group 3: 35 healthy control subjects from general population. Patients of either gender within age group of 15–40 years, experiencing generalized tonic-clonic seizures or focal seizures, receiving the AED for duration of time ≥2 years were included in the study. Results: Our study showed significant correlation between the AEDs treatment and MTHFR polymorphism in predisposing osteoporosis. Conclusion: The variants of MTHFR gene (C677T) are prone to develop increased levels of homocysteine as a result of decreased activity of the enzyme in their bodies which are further increased in patients receiving AEDs. Monitoring of homocysteine levels in epileptic patients especially in the mutants of MTHFR gene along with their periodic testing of bone mineral density levels is recommended. Treatment for low folate and calcium levels is recommended in these patients to correct their deficiencies